Comprehensive Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Integrated Management in Modern and Unani Medicine

Executive Summary

The global landscape of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by rising incidence rates, the evolution of antimicrobial resistance, and the increasing complexity of clinical management. In 2022 alone, the United States reported over 2.5 million cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, signaling a public health crisis that necessitates robust, multi-dimensional intervention strategies. Contemporary medicine, guided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recent FDA directives, focuses on precise pathogen identification and pharmacological eradication. However, the chronic sequelae of these infections—ranging from infertility and organ damage to psychological distress—suggest the need for a broader therapeutic paradigm.

This report provides an exhaustive examination of the major sexually transmitted conditions: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and Viral Hepatitis (B and C). Uniquely, this analysis bridges the epistemological divide between the germ-theory-based interventions of modern allopathy and the humoral-balance frameworks of the Unani system of medicine. By synthesizing the latest 2024 clinical updates with centuries-old Greco-Arabic pharmacotherapy (Ilaj-bil-Dawa) and regimenal therapy (Ilaj-bil-Tadbir), this document offers a comprehensive roadmap for clinicians and researchers. It explores how modern diagnostics and antiretrovirals can be effectively complemented by Unani strategies for immune modulation (Taqwiyat-e-Mana'at), hepatoprotection (Hifz-e-Jigar), and symptom management, ultimately aiming for a holistic restoration of patient health.

Section 1: The Foundations of Sexual Health and Disease Prevention

1.1 The Modern Epidemiological Framework

The control of STIs in the modern era is predicated on a strategy of interruption—breaking the chain of transmission through detection and treatment. The CDC’s Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021, which continue to serve as the clinical benchmark, outline five major strategies for prevention: accurate risk assessment, pre-exposure vaccination, identification of asymptomatic infections, effective diagnosis and treatment, and the evaluation of sex partners.

The urgency of these strategies is underscored by the current epidemiological data. The rise in congenital syphilis, for instance, has prompted the American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists and the CDC to recommend triple screening during pregnancy—at the first prenatal visit, the third trimester, and delivery—for women living in high-prevalence communities. Furthermore, the complexity of managing these infections is compounded by supply chain vulnerabilities, as evidenced by the FDA's 2024 enforcement discretion regarding the importation of Extencillin (benzathine benzylpenicillin) to mitigate domestic shortages of the standard syphilis treatment.

Modern prevention also emphasizes the "state of the host" through vaccination (e.g., HPV, Hepatitis B) and biomedical prophylaxis (PrEP for HIV). However, the psychological and somatic burden of living with chronic or recurrent STIs often leaves patients seeking supportive care that extends beyond antibiotics.

1.2 The Unani Perspective: Hygiene, Humors, and Host Resistance

In contrast to the pathogen-centric view of modern medicine, the Unani system—rooted in the teachings of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna—views health (Sehat) as a dynamic equilibrium of the four humors (Akhlat): Blood (Dam), Phlegm (Balgham), Yellow Bile (Safra), and Black Bile (Sawda). Disease is fundamentally a disruption of this balance (Su-e-Mizaj), often precipitated by the accumulation of morbid matter or toxins (Fasad-e-Madda).

Unani medicine posits that a robust constitution, or Tabiyat, is the body’s supreme healer. Prevention is not merely the avoidance of infection but the active maintenance of health through the Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya (Six Essential Factors):

1. Hawa (Air): Ensuring environmental cleanliness and fresh air to prevent the inhalation of miasma or pollutants that weaken the spirit (Ruh).

2. Makool wa Mashroob (Food and Drink): Regulating diet to prevent the formation of corrupt humors.

3. Harkat wa Sakoon Badni (Physical Activity and Repose): Exercise to expel waste metabolites.

4. Harkat wa Sakoon Nafsani (Mental Activity and Repose): Managing stress, which is seen as a potent disruptor of immune function.

5. Naum wa Yaqza (Sleep and Wakefulness): Adequate sleep for restorative processes.

6. Ehtibas wa Istifragh (Retention and Elimination): The proper excretion of wastes (urine, stool, sweat) and retention of vital fluids.

In the context of STIs, Unani physicians traditionally emphasized Hifzan-e-Sehat (hygiene) and sexual moderation. Diseases like Aatishak (Syphilis) and Suzak (Gonorrhea) were historically classified under categories of Waram (inflammation) and Qarha (ulceration) resulting from "hot" and "sharp" humors transmitted through intimate contact. The Unani approach to prevention thus integrates personal hygiene with systemic purification to ensure the body does not provide a hospitable environment for disease.

Section 2: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS)

2.1 Pathophysiology and the Immune Collapse

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the most significant challenges to global health. The virus targets the immune system's command centers—specifically CD4+ T cells and macrophages—integrating its genetic material into the host genome. The infection trajectory begins with an acute phase, characterized by extremely high viral loads and flu-like symptoms, followed by a prolonged latent period where the virus replicates at lower levels. Without intervention, the gradual depletion of CD4+ cells leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), defined by the onset of opportunistic infections and malignancies.

The modern understanding of HIV emphasizes that it is a manageable chronic condition, provided that viral suppression is maintained. The concept of "Undetectable = Untransmittable" (U=U) has revolutionized prevention, confirming that individuals with an undetectable viral load cannot sexually transmit the virus.

2.2 Modern Management: The Antiretroviral Shield

The cornerstone of HIV management is Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), which blocks viral replication at various stages of the HIV life cycle. Beyond treatment, modern medicine has developed sophisticated prophylactic protocols to prevent acquisition in high-risk populations.

2.2.1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

PrEP represents a biomedical shield for HIV-negative individuals at substantial risk of infection. The 2021 CDC guidelines and subsequent updates from the IAS-USA endorse the use of daily oral antiretrovirals (e.g., Tenofovir/Emtricitabine) and, more recently, long-acting injectable cabotegravir.

• Adherence and Discontinuation: Efficacy is highly dependent on adherence. When plans are made to discontinue daily oral PrEP, guidelines recommend continuing the regimen for 7 to 28 days after the last potential viral exposure to ensure protective tissue concentrations are maintained.

• Monitoring: Routine monitoring of renal function and HIV status (every 3 months) is mandatory to prevent drug toxicity and the development of resistance in unrecognized acute infections.

2.2.2 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

PEP acts as an emergency intervention for potential HIV exposures, such as condom failure or sexual assault.

• The 72-Hour Window: PEP is time-critical. It must be initiated within 72 hours of exposure; efficacy declines precipitously after this window. It is generally not recommended for exposures involving non-blood-contaminated secretions like urine or saliva.

• Regimen: The standard course involves a 28-day regimen of three antiretroviral drugs.

• Transition to PrEP: For patients with recurring risk factors, the completion of a 28-day PEP course serves as an ideal bridge to initiate long-term PrEP, accompanied by intensive risk-reduction counseling.

2.3 Unani Perspective: Immune Modulation (Taqwiyat-e-Mana'at)

Unani medicine does not conceptualize HIV in terms of viral loads but rather as a profound depletion of the Hararat-e-Ghariziya (Innate Heat) and Ruh (Vital Spirit), leading to a collapse of the body's defensive power (Quwwat-e-Mudafiat). The clinical presentation of AIDS—wasting, chronic fever, and opportunistic infections—parallels the Unani concepts of Sil (Consumption) and Diq (Hectic Fever).

2.3.1 Herbal Immunomodulators

While no Unani herb is a substitute for ART, several botanicals have demonstrated potential to modulate the immune system and support patients living with chronic viral infections. Research indicates that Unani medicinal plants are being investigated for their ability to inhibit viral replication or bolster host defenses.

• Sutherlandia frutescens: Widely used in traditional African contexts and adopted into broader herbal conceptualizations for HIV, this plant is believed to improve appetite and quality of life in wasting conditions.

• Andrographis paniculata: Known for its "blood purifying" and immune-stimulating properties, it is studied for its potential to inhibit viral infectivity.

• Curcuma longa (Turmeric): Its active compound, curcumin, is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that may help manage the chronic systemic inflammation associated with long-term HIV infection.

• Hypoxis hemerocallidea (African Potato): Often used for its immunostimulant properties, though patients are cautioned about potential interactions with antiretroviral metabolism.

2.3.2 Nutritional Therapeutics (Ilaj-bil-Ghiza)

Unani medicine places a premium on Ghiza (diet) as a primary therapeutic modality. For the HIV-positive patient, preventing Sarcopenia (muscle wasting) is paramount.

• High Protein Regimen: Unani guidelines advocate for a diet rich in Latif (light/easily digestible) but nutrient-dense foods. This includes lean meats, eggs, and legumes to rebuild the Lahm (flesh) dissolved by the chronic heat of infection.

• Food Safety: Unani texts rigorously warn against Ghiza-e-Radeem (corrupt food). This aligns with modern food safety guidelines for the immunocompromised, which strictly prohibit raw eggs, unpasteurized dairy, and undercooked meats to prevent catastrophic foodborne illnesses like Salmonellosis.

• Digestive Support: Since Quwwat-e-Hazima (digestive power) is often compromised in chronic illness, herbs like Ginger (Zanjabeel) and Mint (Pudina) are used to enhance absorption and appetite.

2.4 Integrative Management

The most effective management strategy involves a synergy of systems: adherence to modern ART to suppress the virus, coupled with Unani regenerative therapies to manage side effects (e.g., neuropathy, fatigue) and maintain nutritional status. This integrative approach respects the "germ theory" necessity of viral suppression while embracing the "host theory" necessity of resilience.

Section 3: Syphilis (Aatishak) & Gonorrhea (Suzak)

3.1 Syphilis: The "Great Imitator" and Modern Challenges

Syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, is a systemic infection that progresses through distinct stages if untreated.

• Primary Syphilis: Manifests as a solitary, painless chancre at the site of inoculation.

• Secondary Syphilis: Characterized by systemic dissemination, causing rashes (classically on palms and soles), mucous patches, and lymphadenopathy.

• Latent and Tertiary Syphilis: The infection can remain dormant for years before re-emerging to damage the cardiovascular system (aortitis) or the central nervous system (neurosyphilis).

3.1.1 Antibiotic Protocols and Shortages

The gold standard for treating all stages of syphilis is Benzathine Penicillin G.

• Supply Chain Crises: In a significant development, the FDA exercised enforcement discretion in 2024 to allow the temporary importation of Extencillin (benzathine benzylpenicillin) and Lentocilin due to severe domestic shortages of Bicillin L-A. This underscores the fragility of the antibiotic supply chain.

• Pregnancy Protocols: For pregnant women with syphilis and a penicillin allergy, desensitization and treatment with penicillin is the only recommended course. Alternatives like doxycycline are contraindicated due to fetal risk, highlighting the irreplaceable nature of penicillin in this context.

3.2 Gonorrhea: Resistance and Recognition

Gonorrhea, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, presents primarily as urethritis in men and cervicitis in women.

• Symptoms: Men typically experience dysuria and purulent urethral discharge. Women are often asymptomatic but may experience vaginal discharge or pelvic pain. Untreated gonorrhea is a leading cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).

• The Resistance Threat: N. gonorrhoeae has progressively defeated sulfonamides, penicillins, and fluoroquinolones. The CDC currently recommends a specific regimen, typically involving Ceftriaxone, to combat multi-drug resistant strains. Surveillance for treatment failure is critical.

3.3 Unani Concepts: Aatishak and Suzak

Unani medicine holds a rich historical classification for these conditions, viewing them as manifestations of systemic toxicity and humoral heat.

3.3.1 Aatishak (Syphilis)

Derived from the Persian word for "fire," Aatishak describes the burning, ulcerative nature of syphilitic lesions. It is attributed to the corruption of blood (Fasad-e-Dam) mixed with Sawda (burnt black bile).

• Treatment Principle: The primary goal is Tanqiya (cleansing) of the morbid matter followed by Tasoofiya (purification) of the blood.

• Pharmacotherapy:

  • Musaffi-e-Dam (Blood Purifiers): Agents like Ushba (Smilax aristolochiifolia), Chobchini (Smilax china), and Shahtra (Fumaria indica) are legendary in Unani texts for treating chronic skin diseases and "bad blood" conditions.

  • Topical Care: For the chancre (Qarha), astringent powders containing Katha (Catechu) and Murdaresang (Litharge) are applied to dry the lesion and promote granulation.

3.3.2 Suzak (Gonorrhea)

Suzak is characterized by Waram-e-Ihlieel (urethritis) and Harqat-ul-Baul (burning urination). Unani theory attributes this to "hot" and "sharp" humors ulcerating the urinary tract.

• Treatment Principle: The strategy relies on Tabreed (Cooling) and Idrar (Diuresis) to flush the infection.

• Pharmacotherapy:

  • Diuretics (Madrurat): Herbs like Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris) and Baza-ul-Ban are prescribed to increase urine output, mechanically flushing pus and bacteria from the urethra.

  • Cooling Agents (Mubarridat): To counteract the "burning," patients are given Sandal (Sandalwood), Kishneez (Coriander), and Kafur (Camphor). These are believed to soothe the inflamed mucosa.

  • Compound Formulations: Sharbat Bazoori involves a blend of seeds (fennel, chicory) that alkalize the urine and reduce dysuria.

• Differentiation: Unani physicians historically distinguished Suzak (purulent) from other forms of discharge (Jaryan or Sailan), which aligns with the modern differentiation between Gonococcal and Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU).

Section 4: Chlamydia: The "Silent" Threat to Fertility

4.1 The Mechanism of Silent Damage

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently reported bacterial STI in the United States. Its danger lies in its stealth; it is termed the "Silent Infection" because over 70% of infected women and 50% of men are asymptomatic.

• Impact on Fertility: The absence of symptoms does not mean an absence of pathology. The infection can ascend from the cervix to the fallopian tubes, causing Salpingitis. This triggers a destructive immune response to Chlamydial heat shock protein (hsp-60), leading to tubal scarring, blockage, and hydrosalpinx. The result is a significantly increased risk of tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

• Epigenetic Consequences: Emerging research indicates that Chlamydia infection can downregulate Argonaute 2 (Ago2) protein levels, potentially altering gene expression in the reproductive tract and creating an environment conducive to tumorigenesis.

• Screening: Because symptoms are unreliable, the CDC recommends annual screening for all sexually active women younger than 25 years and older women with risk factors.

4.2 Unani Concept: Sailan-ur-Rahim

While "Chlamydia" is a modern microbiological taxonomy, its clinical manifestation—abnormal vaginal discharge—is extensively covered in Unani medicine under Sailan-ur-Rahim (Leucorrhoea). Unani physicians classify discharge based on consistency and color to determine the underlying humoral imbalance.

• Classification of Discharge:

  • Sailan-e-Unqui: Discharge originating from the cervix, often infective.

  • Sailan-e-Rahemi: Discharge from the uterus itself.

  • Humoral Indicators: Yellow/green discharge suggests Safra (bilious) or infective heat; white/viscous discharge suggests Balgham (phlegmatic) dominance.

4.2.1 Unani Therapeutic Strategy

The treatment aims to resolve the Waram (inflammation) of the uterus and arrest the excessive flow (Habis).

• Local Therapy (Hamool/Pessaries): The use of medicated pessaries is central to treating local infection. Formulations often include Mazu (Oak galls), Gulnar (Pomegranate flower), and Supari (Areca nut). These ingredients are potent astringents that tighten tissues and reduce secretions.

• Oral Tonics: To strengthen the Quwwat-e-Ghadhiya (nutritive power) of the uterus, calcined minerals known as Kushta (e.g., Kushta Baiza Murgh made from eggshells) are administered. These provide calcium and are believed to enhance tissue integrity.

• Integrative Note: In cases of confirmed Chlamydia, modern antibiotics (Doxycycline/Azithromycin) are essential for bacterial eradication. Unani astringents can play a supportive role in restoring vaginal tone and managing residual discharge post-infection.

Section 5: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Managing Outbreaks and Living Well

5.1 Viral Latency and Clinical Management

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) establishes a lifelong infection by retreating into the nerve ganglia (latency) and reactivating periodically (outbreaks). HSV-1 is traditionally associated with oral lesions but is increasingly responsible for genital herpes, while HSV-2 is the primary cause of recurrent genital herpes.

• Symptomatic Relief: Outbreaks present with painful vesicles and ulcers. Management involves keeping the area clean and dry, using cool compresses, and taking analgesics like acetaminophen.

• Antiviral Therapy:

  • Episodic Therapy: Taking antivirals (Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir) at the first sign of prodrome (tingling/burning) to shorten the duration of the outbreak.

  • Suppressive Therapy: Daily antiviral medication is recommended for patients with frequent recurrences. This not only suppresses outbreaks but significantly reduces the risk of viral shedding and transmission to partners.

• Psychosocial Aspects: Living with herpes requires navigating stigma. Counseling emphasizes that HSV is a manageable skin condition and does not preclude normal relationships or childbirth.

5.2 Unani Concept: Namla ("The Ant")

Unani texts vividly describe Herpes as Namla, meaning "ant." This terminology captures the characteristic creeping eruption and the sensation of formication (ants crawling/biting) associated with the lesions. It is classified as a Safrawi (bilious) eruption, caused by hot, sharp vapors pushing through the skin.

5.2.1 Unani Management of Namla

The Unani approach is distinctively cooling, aiming to extinguish the "fire" of the eruption.

• External Applications (Zimad):

  • Cooling Pastes: A paste made of Sandal (Sandalwood), Rasaut (Barberry extract), and Gul-e-Surkh (Rose water) is applied to the area. This acts as a Mubarrid (refrigerant) and Rada (repellent) to stop the spread of blisters.

  • Desiccants: If the blisters rupture and ulcerate, drying agents (Mujaffif) like Mazu (Oak gall) and Murdaresang (Litharge) mixed with vinegar or rose oil are used to promote healing.

• Internal Purification: To prevent recurrence, Unani physicians prescribe Musaffi (blood purifiers) such as Shahtra (Fumaria) and Chiraita (Swertia) to clear the blood of the excess heat that triggers the outbreaks.

Section 6: HPV & Genital Warts (Thaleel)

6.1 The Spectrum of HPV: Warts to Cancer

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI globally. It exists in over 120 types, categorized by risk. Low-risk types (e.g., 6 and 11) cause over 90% of genital warts (Condyloma acuminata), while high-risk types (e.g., 16 and 18) are oncogenic, causing cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

6.1.1 Vaccination and Screening

• Vaccination (Gardasil 9): This is the primary preventive tool.

  • Schedule: A 2-dose series (0, 6-12 months) is recommended for children initiating vaccination at ages 9-14. A 3-dose series (0, 2, 6 months) is required for those starting at ages 15-45 or for immunocompromised individuals.

• Wart Removal: Treatment focuses on removing visible warts, though the virus may persist.

  • Patient-Applied: Imiquimod cream, Podofilox.

  • Provider-Applied: Cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen), Trichloracetic acid (TCA), or surgical excision. TCA is particularly noted for its effectiveness on moist lesions and safety in pregnancy.

6.2 Unani Concept: Thaleel and Charmkeela

In Unani and regional traditional medicine, warts are referred to as Thaleel or Charmkeela. They are viewed as excrescences caused by the solidification of thick, viscous humors, often Sawda (black bile) or Balgham (phlegm).

6.2.1 Unani Methods of Removal

Unani texts describe both pharmacological and surgical methods for wart removal, some of which parallel modern cautery techniques.

• Chemical Cautery (Akkal): Unani physicians utilize natural caustics to dissolve wart tissue.

  • Fig Milk (Sheer-e-Anjeer): The latex of the fig tree contains proteolytic enzymes. It is a time-tested remedy in Unani medicine for dissolving warts upon repeated application.

  • Corrosive Pastes: Formulations containing Kalonji (Black seed), Noshadar (Ammonium chloride), and Hartal (Orpiment/Arsenic trisulfide) are applied carefully to the wart to burn it off (Ihraq).

• Ligation and Excision: Historical texts describe tying the base of the wart with a horsehair (ligation) to cut off blood supply or surgical excision followed by the application of Marham Zangar (Verdigris ointment) to prevent recurrence.

• Systemic Treatment: Unlike modern local removal, Unani also treats the systemic cause by administering Munzij (concoctive) and Mushil (purgative) drugs to expel the Sawda responsible for the growth.

Section 7: Hepatitis B & C: Liver Health and Sexual Transmission

7.1 Transmission Dynamics and the DAA Revolution

Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are viral infections that target the liver, leading to inflammation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

• Sexual Transmission Risks:

  • Hepatitis B: Highly infectious via sexual contact. Vaccination is the primary prevention.

  • Hepatitis C: Historically considered bloodborne (IDU, transfusions), sexual transmission is an emerging concern, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Studies indicate an increased risk of HCV acquisition in MSM populations, especially those with HIV coinfection or those engaging in high-risk practices like "chemsex" or traumatic anal intercourse.

• Treatment:

  • HCV Cure: The advent of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs) has revolutionized care, offering cure rates exceeding 95% with 8-12 weeks of oral therapy.

  • HBV Management: Chronic HBV is typically managed (not cured) with suppressive antivirals like Tenofovir or Entecavir.

7.2 Unani Concept: Waram-e-Jigar (Liver Inflammation)

The liver (Jigar) is the central organ of metabolism and humoral production in Unani medicine. Hepatitis is conceptualized as Waram-e-Jigar (Inflammation of the Liver). The Unani pharmacopoeia is exceptionally rich in hepatoprotective agents (Muqawwi-e-Jigar).

7.2.1 Hepatoprotective Therapeutics

Unani therapy aims to reduce inflammation, resolve obstruction, and regenerate liver tissue.

• Key Herbs:

  • Kasni (Cichorium intybus): Perhaps the most famous Unani liver tonic. It is believed to cool the liver and reduce inflammation. Studies suggest it reduces bilirubin and liver enzymes.

  • Mako (Solanum nigrum): Almost always prescribed with Kasni. It serves as a Muhallil (resolvent) for hepatic swelling.

  • Jigreen: A polyherbal patent formulation widely used and studied for its efficacy in lowering ALT/AST levels and improving appetite in hepatitis patients.

• Dietotherapy (Ghiza-e-Dawa'i):

  • Ma-ul-Juban (Whey Water): A staple in Unani liver protocols. It is a light, diuretic nutrient that detoxifies the liver without burdening digestion.

  • Dietary Restrictions: Patients are strictly advised to avoid fats (Roghan) and heavy meats, favoring roasted meats and light vegetables to rest the liver.

• Clinical Relevance: While Unani tonics cannot replace DAAs for eradicating the HCV virus, they play a vital complementary role in reversing hepatotoxicity, managing fatty liver sequelae, and restoring overall liver function after the virus is cleared.

Section 8: Integrative Prevention and Future Outlook

8.1 Merging Paradigms: Prophylaxis and Hygiene

The future of sexual health lies in the intelligent integration of modern precision with traditional holistic care. The management of STIs need not be a binary choice between antibiotics and herbs.

• Prophylaxis + Hygiene: A patient on modern PrEP (biomedical prophylaxis) can enhance their resilience by adopting Unani Hifzan-e-Sehat guidelines—specifically regulating sleep and stress to maximize immune competence.

• Symptom Management: While antibiotics are non-negotiable for bacterial STIs like Gonorrhea, the residual burning and discomfort often persist post-treatment. Here, Unani Mubarridat (coolants) and Madrurat (diuretics) like Sharbat Bazoori can significantly improve patient quality of life.

8.2 Conclusion

Sexually Transmitted Infections are complex bio-psycho-social conditions. This report demonstrates that while Modern Medicine provides the indispensable acute care—diagnostics, antibiotics, and antivirals—Unani Medicine offers a profound complementary framework for prevention, immune support, and tissue restoration. By understanding the mechanisms of both systems—the "Germ Theory" of the West and the "Humoral Theory" of the East—clinicians can offer a more nuanced, effective, and humane standard of care.

Table 1: Comparative Management of Major STIs